As the death toll among Myanmar’s protesters rose dramatically last weekend, military air strikes against one of the country’s largest rebel groups stoked fears of another problem: full-fledged civil war.
The Karen National Union, which controls an area in the southeast along the Thai border, confirmed Monday that about 10,000 residents fled to a safe zone last weekend after the Myanmar military conducted air strikes that killed three people.
The fighter jets came out in retaliation for an attack by ethnic Karen rebels on a base of the national army, or Tatmadaw, in which 10 soldiers were killed and another eight were arrested.
The attacks came on the same day at least 114 people were killed in clashes with the military and police in the deadliest weekend since the Feb 1 coup, sparking condemnation from governments around the world.
With the death toll now exceeding 500 over the past two months, the prospect of a wider fight with potentially dozens of armed militias risks even more bloodshed.
“There is a distinct possibility of mass demonstrations cascading into civil war or inter-state war,” said Lee Morgenbesser, a lecturer at Australia’s Griffith University whose researches Southeast Asian politics.
“Given the sometimes porous nature of Myanmar’s borders, along with the fact that the armed ethnic groups are not subject to state authority, it is likely that the crisis spills across international borders.”
On Sunday a dozen defence chiefs from North America, Europe and the Asia Pacific jointly condemned the use of lethal force against unarmed people.
Then on Monday, Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha said preparations had begun for an influx of migrants.
‘Mass Migration’
“We don’t want there to be a mass migration into our areas but we must also keep human rights in mind,” said Gen Prayut, the former army chief who staged a coup in 2014.
“As there are violent conflicts in their country it is only normal that there would be migrations.”
Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian also repeated a call for all sides to de-escalate the situation, while declining to comment on the prospect of a civil war. China shares a 2,100-kilometre border with Myanmar.
“Violence and bloodshed is in the interests of no one,” Zhao said.
Protesters and key allies of detained civilian leader Aung San Suu Kyi have called on Myanmar’s numerous armed ethnic groups to band together to face down a common enemy in the Tatmadaw.
On Sunday, the Kachin Independence Army, another armed group that has urged the military to end its crackdown on demonstrators, launched deadly attacks on at least four police battalions in Kachin State, according to Myanmar Now.
Since independence from Britain in 1948, Myanmar has struggled to build a national identity inclusive of the numerous minority groups in it, fuelling resentment against the military — dominated by the Bamar, or ethnic Burmese — and perpetuating some of the longest-running armed conflicts in the world.
Myanmar has hundreds and possibly thousands of armed militias in a country where the state recognises 135 distinct ethnic groups, according to a report last year by Brussels-based International Crisis Group. Of those, around 20 ethnic armed groups have both political and military wings.
A parallel administration set up by members of Suu Kyi’s allies, known as the Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, or CRPH, has agreed with the major ethnic groups on the need for a unity government that would compete for legitimacy with the junta, according to Sasa, who goes by one name and describes himself as the envoy representing Myanmar’s ousted parliament to the United Nations.
The CRPH is working with several ethnic groups on writing the text of a new constitution, Sasa said in an interview last week, without naming them.
It would include progress toward a longstanding goal of a federal army that would allow the ethnic minorities to retain their own armed forces, he said.
A federal army has “become essential”, Sasa said, adding that rank-and-file soldiers could join the new organisation instead of suppressing demonstrations under the name of the Tatmadaw.
“The government that we are going to form in April is going to be called the National Unity Government, so we’d like to as inclusive as possible,” he said.
Coup leader Min Aung Hlaing has sought to reach out to various ethnic armies to prevent them from joining together.
Earlier this month he removed the Arakan Army from a list of terrorist groups following clashes in which it fought for greater autonomy in western Rakhine State.
In response to the KNU attack on Saturday, state broadcaster MRTV said the KNU assured the junta a rogue brigade was responsible for the strike and gave the green light for the Tatmadaw to retaliate.
Efforts to reach Phado Kwe Htoo Win, the vice chair of the KNU, were unsuccessful.
While the Karen National Union last week said it had received an invitation to meet with Min Aung Hlaing, it only plans to do so after the military meets a series of demands that included transferring power to a National Unity Government.
In a separate statement Tuesday, three other major ethnic armed groups including the Arakan Army said they would join protesters in what they call a “spring revolution” against the Tatmadaw if it doesn’t stop the killing immediately or meet calls to restore democracy.
“Our Brotherhood Alliance is now reviewing the non-ceasefire agreement following acts of the Tatmadaw after the coup,” the groups said in a statement.
“We will continue to cooperate with other organisations for border stability, Covid-19 containment, people’s safety and international anti-terrorism acts.”
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